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乌蒙子 @ 2008-05-24 20:11

       地震让我们惭愧地低下一度高傲的头,反省自己吧,可怜的人类。
       大地张开血口,疯狂吞噬了一个个鲜活的生命。
       我目不忍睹。今天决定了——将我以后三十年的生命献给自然科学。我要挑战你,你为何如此嚣张,跋扈?
        如果有上帝,你给我一点启示吧?



 
乌蒙子 @ 2008-05-24 20:04

青霉素(penicillin

青霉素又名盘尼西林,对多种细菌具有抑制和杀灭作用,用于因致病菌引发的感染性疾病。

 

1928年秋的一天,英国细菌学家弗莱明(Alexander Fleming18811955)在实验室偶然注意到,一个放置多天准备丢弃的细菌培养基被青霉菌污染,青霉菌菌落四周形成了明显的细菌空白带。他由此他想到:会不会是青霉菌产生了一种杀菌物质?

 

于是他把青霉菌纯化分离出来加以培养,并发现培养后的霉汁中含有一种可以杀死细菌的物质,他将其称为青霉素。但弗莱明未能解决规模化的青霉菌培养、青霉素提纯工艺,青霉素始终未能走出实验室。

 

11年后,英国生物化学家弗洛里(Howard Florey18981968)和钱恩(Ernst B. Chain19061979)成功地开发出青霉菌培养和青霉素分离、提纯的规模化生产工艺,后来又成功地人工合成了青霉素,使其走入千家万户。青霉素是世界上第一种抗生素,开创了人类治疗细菌感染性疾患的新纪元。

 

曾有人统计,在40年代末和50年代初,青霉素每年拯救了约1000万人的生命。今天,抗生素已发展成为拥有众多成员的大家族,为增进人类健康、提高寿命做出了重要贡献。




 
乌蒙子 @ 2008-05-24 20:03

城市供水及污水处理系统

城市供水及污水处理系统(City Water supply & Wastewater treatment system

 

在大约公元前30002000年,埃及就已经有相当规模的渠道供水系统;1718世纪,在伦敦和巴黎率先发展了给水工程,开始使用水泵和铸铁管为城市居民供水。这一给水工程后来演变为今天的自来水系统。

 

早在公元前3500年,美索不达米亚王国的街道就出现了砖砌的雨水排水系统;在今天中国河南淮阳市的古代平粮城遗址中发现了用于排泄雨水和污水的陶管,这是中国最早的城市排水系统,距今已有4300多年。

 

1596年,英国的哈灵顿爵士(J.Harrington1561-1612)发明了第一个实用的抽水马桶,安装在伊丽莎白女王的宫殿里。18世纪初,法国巴黎少数富人的住宅开始安装冲水马桶。1775年,伦敦钟表匠康明斯(A.Cummings)研制出设有水箱的抽水马桶。1848年,英国议会通过了《公共卫生法令》,规定凡新建房屋、住宅必须辟有厕所、安装抽水马桶。

 

但当时从抽水马桶冲出的粪便未经处理就直接排到沟渠中,然后流入江河。从1848年到1854年,伦敦五次霍乱流行,人们开始认识到霍乱的传播与水源受污染有关。1858年,英国工程师巴泽尔杰特(J.Bazalgette1819-1891)为伦敦市设计了一整套污水管道及处理系统,其总长度约1200英里。但由于受到各方的阻挠,在此后的7年里只完成了伦敦市中心部分地区的污水工程。1865年夏,霍乱又一次席卷了伦敦,唯独安装了污水处理系统的地区安然无恙。此后,伦敦污水处理系统的建设明显加快了,并为欧洲各大城市所效仿。

 

1881年,德国细菌学家科赫(R.Koch1843-1910)证明用次氯酸盐可杀死细菌。从此,开始用氯进行自来水和污水消毒。19世纪末,对微生物学知识的理解,又发展了废水生物处理法。




 
乌蒙子 @ 2008-05-24 20:01

维生素(vitamin

维生素是生物生长和代谢所必需的微量有机物,人和动物缺乏维生素都不能正常生长并发生病变。

 

维生素是一类维持机体正常代谢所必需的低分子有机化合物。目前已知的维生素有20余种,人体必需的有13种。尽管人体对维生素的需求量极低,但大多数维生素在体内无法合成或合成量不足,需要从食物中摄取。

 

人类在长期生活实践中发现了某些食物可防治某些疾病,如胡萝卜、动物肝脏可防治夜盲症,柠檬可防治坏血病,等等。但人们并不知道这些食物中含有的物质和患病者体内缺少的物质究竟是什么。

 

19世纪末,荷兰统治下的印度尼西亚爪哇岛流行一种被称为“脚气病”的多发性神经炎,导致上万人死亡。1896年,荷兰医生艾克曼(Christiaan Eijkman18581930)在当地偶然发现以精米为饲料的鸡也得了脚气病,改喂糙米后鸡病竟痊愈了。艾克曼注意到当地人的主食也是精米,于是他让脚气病患者改食糙米饭,数以万计的患者迅速康复。

 

1911年前后,艾克曼、三位日本科学家和波兰化学家芬克(C.Funk18841967)等人分别从米糠中提取出一种能够治疗脚气病的胺类白色结晶,芬克将其命名为“生命胺”,这是后来维生素一词的由来。

 

1912年,英国生物化学家霍普金斯(Frederick Gowland Hopkins18611947)提出了维生素学说,使人们了解维生素是生物生长和代谢所必需的微量有机物,人和动物缺乏维生素都不能正常生长并发生病变。

 

后来,科学家们陆续发现了更多的维生素,并用字母及数字来区别不同的维生素,于是便有了维生素A、维生素C等名称,艾克曼等人所发现的“生命胺”则是维生素B1,而这是人类发现的第一种维生素。




 
乌蒙子 @ 2008-05-17 21:10

Enthusiasm Takes You Further

 

Years ago, when I started looking for my first job, wise advisers urged, "Barbara, be enthusiastic! Enthusiasm will take you further than any amount of experience."

 

How right they were. Enthusiastic people can turn a boring drive into an adventure, extra work into opportunity and strangers into friends.

 

"Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm," wrote Ralph Waldo Emerson. It is the paste that helps you hang in there when the going gets tough. It is the inner voice that whispers, "I can do it!" when others shout, "No, you can't."

 

It took years and years for the early work of Barbara McClintock, a geneticist who won the 1983 Nobel Prize in medicine, to be generally accepted. Yet she didn't let up on her experiments. Work was such a deep pleasure for her that she never thought of stopping.

 

We are all born with wide-eyed, enthusiastic wonder as anyone knows who has ever seen an infant's delight at the jingle of keys or the scurrying of a beetle.

 

It is this childlike wonder that gives enthusiastic people such a youthful air, whatever their age.

 

At 90, cellist Pablo Casals would start his day by playing Bach. As the music flowed through his fingers, his stooped shoulders would straighten and joy would reappear in his eyes. Music, for Casals, was an elixir that made life a never ending adventure. As author and poet Samuel Ullman once wrote, "Years wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul."

 

How do you rediscover the enthusiasm of your childhood? The answer, I believe, lies in the word itself. "Enthusiasm" comes from the Greek and means "God within." And what is God within is but an abiding sense of love -- proper love of self (self-acceptance) and, from that, love of others.

 

Enthusiastic people also love what they do, regardless of money or title or power. If we cannot do what we love as a full-time career, we can as a part-time avocation, like the head of state who paints, the nun who runs marathons, the executive who handcrafts furniture.

 

Elizabeth Layton of Wellsville, Kan, was 68 before she began to draw. This activity ended bouts of depression that had plagued her for at least 30 years, and the quality of her work led one critic to say, "I am tempted to call Layton a genius." Elizabeth has rediscovered her enthusiasm.

 

We can't afford to waste tears on "might-have-beens." We need to turn the tears into sweat as we go after "what-can-be."

 

We need to live each moment wholeheartedly, with all our senses -- finding pleasure in the fragrance of a back-yard garden, the crayoned picture of a six-year-old, the enchanting beauty of a rainbow. It is such enthusiastic love of life that puts a sparkle in our eyes, a lilt in our steps and smooths the wrinkles from our souls.




 
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